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?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??, ???? ?? ??????????????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? 100 ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???^[5]

????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ^[6] 50 ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? 100 ???????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? 1789 ??? 1913 ???, ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? 1913 ???, ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??, ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???

?????? ?? ????? ??? ????, ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????, ??? ?????? ???????, ???? ????? (?????? ???? ?? ????? ????), ???? ????, ????????? ???????, ??????, ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??-????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? '?? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ^[7] ??? ?????? ^[8] ^[9] ^[10] ???? ????? ????? ??, ??? ???? ??????? ??? '?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ^[11]

????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????, ??.??. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????????? (???? ?????) ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????, ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??-????????? ?? ???-?????? ????, ????????? ???? ??????, ?? ?? ?????? ??? '?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??, ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? 1920 ?? ????? ?? ????? ????, ???????? ??? ???-????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???

???

↑ Independent Sens. Angus King of Maine and Bernie Sanders of Vermont caucus with the Democratic Party;^[1]^[2]^[3] independent Sen. Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona does not caucus with the Democrats, but is "formally aligned with the Democrats for committee purposes".^[4]

?????

↑ "Maine Independent Angus King To Caucus With Senate Democrats". Politico. 2025-08-04. Archived from the original on 2025-08-04. Retrieved 2025-08-04. Angus King of Maine, who cruised to victory last week running as an independent, said Wednesday that he will caucus with Senate Democrats. [...] The Senate's other independent, Bernie Sanders of Vermont, also caucuses with the Democrats.
↑ "Senate group eyes Social Security changes as Biden hits Republicans over benefits". NBC News. March 3, 2023.
↑ Schonfeld, Zach (December 11, 2022). "Sanders calls Sinema 'corporate Democrat' who 'sabotaged' legislation".
↑ "Sinema Trashes Dems: 'Old Dudes Eating Jell-O'". POLITICO. March 23, 2023.
↑ "United States Senate | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in ????????). 2025-08-04. Retrieved 2025-08-04.
↑ "Constitution of the United States". Senate.gov. Archived from the original on 2025-08-04. Retrieved 2025-08-04.
↑ Amar, Vik D. (2025-08-04). "The Senate and the Constitution". The Yale Law Journal. 97 (6): 1111–1130. doi:10.2307/796343. JSTOR 796343. Archived from the original on 2025-08-04. Retrieved 2025-08-04.
↑ Stewart, Charles; Reynolds, Mark (2025-08-04). "Television Markets and U.S. Senate Elections". Legislative Studies Quarterly. 15 (4): 495–523. doi:10.2307/439894. JSTOR 439894.
↑ Richard L. Berke (2025-08-04). "In Fight for Control of Congress, Tough Skirmishes Within Parties". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2025-08-04. Retrieved 2025-08-04.
↑ Joseph S. Friedman, undergraduate student (2025-08-04). "The Rapid Sequence of Events Forcing the Senate's Hand: A Reappraisal of the Seventeenth Amendment, 1890–1913". Curej – College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal. Archived from the original on 2025-08-04.
↑ Lee, Frances E. (2025-08-04). "Agreeing to Disagree: Agenda Content and Senate Partisanship, 198". Legislative Studies Quarterly. 33 (2): 199–222. doi:10.3162/036298008784311000.

????? ????

38°53′26″N 77°0′32″W? / ?38.89056°N 77.00889°W? / 38.89056; -77.00889

The United States Senate Official Website
- Sortable contact data
- Senate Chamber Map
- [[[:????:US Senate Rule URL]] Standing Rules of the Senate]
- Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 to Present
List of Senators who died in office, via PoliticalGraveyard.com
Chart of all U.S. Senate seat-holders, by state, 1978–present, via Texas Tech University
A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825 Archived July 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., via Tufts University
Bill Hammons' American Politics Guide – Members of Congress by Committee and State with Partisan Voting Index Archived December 30, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
Works by or about ?????? ??? ????? at Internet Archive
First U.S. Senate session aired by C-SPAN via C-SPAN
Senate Manual via govinfo.gov (U.S. Government Publishing Office)
United States Senate Calendars and Schedules
Information about U.S. Bills and Resolutions Archived January 2, 2020, at the Wayback Machine.
Works by ?????? ??? ????? at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

[King-5] Independent Sens. Angus King of Maine and Bernie Sanders of Vermont caucus with the Democratic Party;^[1]^[2]^[3] independent Sen. Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona does not caucus with the Democrats, but is "formally aligned with the Democrats for committee purposes".^[4]

[1] "Maine Independent Angus King To Caucus With Senate Democrats". Politico. 2025-08-04. Archived from the original on 2025-08-04. Retrieved 2025-08-04. Angus King of Maine, who cruised to victory last week running as an independent, said Wednesday that he will caucus with Senate Democrats. [...] The Senate's other independent, Bernie Sanders of Vermont, also caucuses with the Democrats.

[2] "Senate group eyes Social Security changes as Biden hits Republicans over benefits". NBC News. March 3, 2023.

[3] Schonfeld, Zach (December 11, 2022). "Sanders calls Sinema 'corporate Democrat' who 'sabotaged' legislation".

[4] "Sinema Trashes Dems: 'Old Dudes Eating Jell-O'". POLITICO. March 23, 2023.

[6] "United States Senate | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in ????????). 2025-08-04. Retrieved 2025-08-04.

[senate_a1_sec3-7] "Constitution of the United States". Senate.gov. Archived from the original on 2025-08-04. Retrieved 2025-08-04.

[8] Amar, Vik D. (2025-08-04). "The Senate and the Constitution". The Yale Law Journal. 97 (6): 1111–1130. doi:10.2307/796343. JSTOR 796343. Archived from the original on 2025-08-04. Retrieved 2025-08-04.

[9] Stewart, Charles; Reynolds, Mark (2025-08-04). "Television Markets and U.S. Senate Elections". Legislative Studies Quarterly. 15 (4): 495–523. doi:10.2307/439894. JSTOR 439894.

[10] Richard L. Berke (2025-08-04). "In Fight for Control of Congress, Tough Skirmishes Within Parties". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2025-08-04. Retrieved 2025-08-04.

[11] Joseph S. Friedman, undergraduate student (2025-08-04). "The Rapid Sequence of Events Forcing the Senate's Hand: A Reappraisal of the Seventeenth Amendment, 1890–1913". Curej – College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal. Archived from the original on 2025-08-04.

[12] Lee, Frances E. (2025-08-04). "Agreeing to Disagree: Agenda Content and Senate Partisanship, 198". Legislative Studies Quarterly. 33 (2): 199–222. doi:10.3162/036298008784311000.

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